Conjunctions - Spojky¶
Basic information¶
Conjunctions are words that connect:
- members of a sentence, as in:
Petr a Jana byli doma. (Petr and Jana were at home.)
- two clauses, as in:
Petr byl v práci a Jana byla doma. (Petr was at work and Jana was at home.)
We traditionally recognize:
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Coordinating (souřadicí) conjunctions connecting two words of the same type, or two main clauses that could stand as independent sentences, for example:
Mám bratra a sestru. (I have a brother and a sister.)
Petr šel do obchodu a koupil dvě piva. (Peter went to shop and bought two bottles of beer.) -
subordinating (podřadicí) conjunctions introducing subordinate clauses, for example:
Když jsem přišel domů, uvařil jsem oběd. (When I got home, I made lunch.)
Punctuation
Subordinate clauses are separated by commas, regardless of their position:
Zavolám, až přijdu.
Až přijdu, zavolám.
(I'll call when I arrive.)
Souřadicí spojky - Coordinating conjunctions¶
| Czech | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a | and | Petr a Jana jsou doma. Petr and Jana are at home. |
| i | and, also, as well as, both | Petr bude v Brně v sobotu i v neděli. Petr will be in Brno on Saturday and Sunday. / Petr will be in Brno on both Saturday and Sunday. |
| ani | nor / not (even) | Petr nepřijede ani zítra ani v sobotu. Petr will come neither tomorrow nor on Saturday. |
| nebo | or | Petr bude doma v sobotu nebo v neděli. 1 Petr will be at home on Saturday or Sunday. |
| ale | but | Je to dobré, ale drahé. It's good but expensive. |
| (a)však | however / nevertheless / yet | Petr se uzdravil, byl však pořád slabý. Petr recovered, however, he was still weak. |
| přesto | however / nevertheless / yet | Petr cvičí, přesto je pořád slabý. Petr works out, yet he is still weak. |
| tedy, (a) proto | therefore | Myslím, tedy jsem. I think, therefore I am. |
| nicméně | nevertheless, nonetheless | Petr měl strach z operace, nicméně to dobře dopadlo. Petr was afraid of the surgery; nonetheless, it turned out well. |
Dvojité spojky - Correlative conjunctions¶
Correlative conjunctions belong to the coordinating conjunctions.
| Czech | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| buď - nebo | either - or | Schůzka bude buď dnes nebo zítra. The meeting will take place either today, or tomorrow. |
| nejen - ale i | not only - but also | Na schůzce byl nejen manažer, ale i ostatní členové projektového týmu. At the meeting, there was not only the manager but also the other members of the project team. |
| ani - ani | neither - nor | Na schůzku nepřišel ani manažer, ani žádný další člen projektového týmu. Neither the manager nor any other member of the project team came to the meeting. |
| jak – tak | both - and | Petr mluví jak česky, tak anglicky. Petr speaks both Czech and English. |
| ať už - nebo | whether - or | Ať už jedete autem nebo na motorce, musíte zaplatit parkovné. Whether you go by car or by motorcycle, you have to pay for parking. |
Podřadicí spojky - Subordinating conjunctions¶
| Czech | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| že | that | Vím, že je pozdě. I know that it's late. |
| protože | because | Petr nešel ven, protože pršelo. Petr didn’t go out because it was raining. |
| když | when (time) | Když pracuji, poslouchám hudbu. When I work, I listen to music. |
| když | when, if (condition) | Když budeš v Brně, zavolej mi. When/If you are in Brno, call me. |
| až | when (future), once | Až budu v Brně, zavolám ti. When/Once I am in Brno, I'll call you. |
| jestli (conditional) |
if | Jestli bude zítra pěkné počasí, půjdeme ven. If it's nice weather tomorrow, we'll go out. |
| jestli / zda (non-conditional) |
whether | Nevím, jestli zítra budu pracovat. I don't know whether I will work tomorrow. |
| než | before | Zavři okno, než půjdeš ven. Close the window before you go out. |
| jakmile, hned jak | as soon as | Zavolám ti, jakmile přistanu. I'll call you as soon as I land. |
| přestože, ačkoliv, i když | although, even though | Petr šel ven, přestože pršelo. Petr went out altough it was raining. |
| sotva | the moment/minute ... | Sotva jsem koupil akcie té firmy, ceny šly nahoru. The minute I bought the stock, the price shot up. |
| poněvadž, jelikož | since, because | Poněvadž jsem byl nemocný, nešel jsem do práce. Since I was ill, I didn’t go to work. |
| takže | (and) so, thus | Pršelo, takže jsme nemohli jít ven. It was raining, thus we couldn’t go outside. |
| aby 2 | so that, in order to, to | Řekni to tak, aby to pochopil. Say it so that he understands. |
| než aby | rather then | Než aby studoval, raději hrál počítačové hry. Rather than study, he preferred to play computer games. |
| avšak Similar to: ale |
but, however | Psal jsem tam třikrát, avšak nikdo neodpověděl. I wrote there three times, but nobody replied. |
Sometimes, a combination of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions appears in a sentence.
| Czech | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a když | and when | Čekal deset minut, a když nikdo nepřišel, odešel. He waited ten minnutes, and when no one appeared, he left. |
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When one option excludes the other (they cannot both occur), a comma is used before nebo: Petr přijede v sobotu, nebo v neděli. ↩
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Go to the Conditional mood for detailed information. ↩