Imperative mood - Rozkazovací způsob¶
Basic information¶
The imperative is a verb form used to express commands, instructions, or requests.
See examples of the imperative forms of the verb udělat (to do):
| Person | Number | Form | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd | SG | udělej | do (it) |
| 2nd | PL | udělejte | do (it) |
| 1st | PL | udělejme | let's do (it) |
| 3rd | SG | ať to udělá | let him/her do (it) |
| 3rd | PL | ať to udělají | let them do (it) |
Rules to follow:
-
The imperative form is derived from the conjugated form of a verb:
Infinitive udělat →
Conjugated form (e.g., 3rd person singular) udělá →
Keep the stem without the personal ending: uděl →
Add the respective suffix (-ej in this verb) → udělej
-
The 2nd person plural imperative always ends in -te → udělejte.
- The 1st person plural imperative always ends in -me → udělejme.
- The 3rd person (singular and plural) imperative is formed periphrastically using the particle ať (or nechť in very formal occasions) followed by the conjugated verb:
Ať to udělá! (Let him/her do it!)
- The negative form uses the prefix ne-:
Nemluv! (Don't talk!)
Morphology¶
Group -Á¶
Verbs belonging to Group -Á form the imperative using the suffix -ej:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| udělat to do |
udělá | udělej | udělejte |
| volat to call |
volá | volej | volejte |
| dívat se to watch |
dívá se | dívej se | dívejte se |
The irregular verb mít uses -ě-:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| mít to have |
má | měj | mějte |
Other groups¶
Regular¶
Many imperative forms are formed regularly using the -ø (zero) suffix:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| nést to carry |
nese | nes | neste |
| mluvit to speak |
mluví | mluv | mluvte |
| pracovat to work |
pracuje | pracuj | pracujte |
If the stem consonant in the conjugated form is palatalized, the palatalization is retained in the imperative:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| platit to pay |
platí The [ť] is palatalized |
plať The ť is spelled with a caron (háček) |
plaťte |
| sedět to sit |
sedí | seď | seďte |
Two consononants¶
When the stem of the conjugated form ends in two consonants, the imperative suffixes are:
- -i (for singular)
- -ě-te (for plural), or
- e-te if the second consonant cannot be palatalized
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| číst to read |
čte | čti | čtěte |
| říct to say |
řekne | řekni | řekněte |
| spát to sleep |
spí | spi | spěte |
| jít to go |
jde | jdi | jděte |
| myslet to think |
myslí | mysli | myslete |
With modifications¶
In some verbs, imperative forms involve:
Shortening of the stem vowel:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| psát to write |
píše | piš | pište |
Monophthongization of -ou- to -u-:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| koupit to buy |
koupí | kup | kupte |
Palatalization:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| být to be |
bude | buď | buďte |
| jet to go |
jede | jeď | jeďte |
| růst to grow |
roste | rosť | rosťte |
Irregular forms¶
Some verbs have irregular imperative forms:
| INF | 3rd SG | IMP SG | IMP PL |
|---|---|---|---|
| jíst to eat |
jí | jez | jezte |
| mít to have |
má | měj | mějte |
| stát to stand |
stojí | stůj | stůjte |
| pomoct to help |
pomůže | pomoz | pomozte |
| chtít to want |
chce | chtěj | chtějte |
| vidět to see |
vidí | viz | vizte |
| vědět to know |
ví | věz | vězte |
With adjectives / deverbatives¶
Imperative structures with adjectives or deverbatives use the imperative forms of the verb být: buď, buďme, buďte:
Buď připraven ve 13 hodin! (Be ready at 1 p.m.!)
Nebuď smutný! (Don't be sad!)
For third-person subjects, the present tense forms of být are used in periphrastic expressions introduced by ať:
Ať není smutný! (Let him not be sad!)
Ať jsou připraveni! (Let them be ready!)