Indefinite pronouns - Neurčitá zájmena¶
Basic overview¶
Indefinite pronouns refer to or identify a person or thing only vaguely.
They are derived from interrogative pronouns with the help of:
-
the prefix ně-
kdo → někdo (someone, somebody)
-
the suffix -si, which adds a more uncertain tone to the word
kdo → kdosi (someone, somebody who we don't know much about)
-
the postfix -koli (with the stylistically equal variant -koliv), which differs semantically from the prefix ně-, adding a more arbitrary or universal tone
kdo → kdokoli(v) (anyone, anybody)
-
other less common combinations:
- bůhví-
bůhvíkdo (God knows who)
- nevím-
nevímkdo (I don't know who)
- kde-
kdekdo (almost everybody)
- lec- (also leda-, ledas-)
leckdo (many people)
- málo-
málokdo (hardly anyone, few people)
- bůhví-
Interrogatives → Indefinites¶
The table below shows a basic comparison between interrogative and indefinite pronouns:
| Interrogative | Indefinite ně- | Indefinite -si | Indefinite -koli |
|---|---|---|---|
| kdo | někdo | kdosi | kdokoli |
| co | něco | cosi | cokoli |
| jaký | nějaký | jakýsi | jakýkoli |
| který | některý | kterýsi | kterýkoli |
| čí | něčí | čísi | číkoliv |
Morphology¶
Only the pronominal part undergoes declension:
| NOM | GEN | DAT | ACC | VOC | LOC | INS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kdo | koho | komu | koho | kdo | kom | kým |
| někdo | někoho | někomu | někoho | někdo | někom | někým |
| kdosi | kohosi | komusi | kohosi | kdosi | komsi | kýmsi |
| kdokoli | kohokoli | komukoli | kohokoli | kdokoli | komkoli | kýmkoli |
For full grammar details, refer to interrogative pronouns.
Interrogatives & Indefinites & Negatives¶
Although words such as někdo and někdy are related, there is some terminological disagreement in the theoretical classification of them. In Czech linguistic tradition:
- někdo is a pronoun (an indefinite one) whereas;
- někdy is an adverb (usually referred to as zájmenné příslovce - a pronominal adverb )
In order to overcome this problem, we can classify these related words as pro-forms.
| Interrogative | Indefinite ně- | Indefinite -si | Indefinite -koli | Negative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kdy | někdy | kdysi | kdykoli(v) | nikdy |
| kde | někde | kdesi | kdekoli(v) | nikde |
| kam | někam | kamsi | kamkoli(v) | nikam |
| odkud | odněkud | odkudsi | odkudkoli(v) | odnikud |
| jak | nějak | jaksi | jakkoli(v) | nijak |